Serial ATA Wikipedia. Serial ATA SATA, abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment2 is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid state drives. Serial ATA succeeded the older Parallel ATA PATA standard,a offering several advantages over the older interface reduced cable size and cost seven conductors instead of 4. IO queuing protocol. Although, a number of hot plug PATA offering were first invented and marketed by Core International beginning in the late 1. Micro Channel architecture bus controllers. Before SATAs introduction in 2. PATA was simply known as ATA. The AT Attachment ATA name originated after the 1. IBM Personal Computer AT, more commonly known as the IBM AT. The IBM ATs controller interface became a de facto industry interface for the inclusion of hard disks. AT was IBMs abbreviation for Advanced Technology thus, many companies and organizations indicate SATA is an abbreviation of Serial Advanced Technology Attachment however, the ATA specifications simply use the name AT Attachment, to avoid possible trademark issues with IBM. SATA host adapters and devices communicate via a high speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors. In contrast, parallel ATA the redesignation for the legacy ATA specifications uses a 1. To ensure backward compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications, SATA uses the same basic ATA and ATAPI command sets as legacy ATA devices. SATA has replaced parallel ATA in consumer desktop and laptop computers SATAs market share in the desktop PC market was 9. PATA has mostly been replaced by SATA for any use with PATA in declining use in industrial and embedded applications that use Compact. Flash CF storage, which was designed around the legacy PATA standard. A 2. 00. 8 standard, CFast to replace Compact. Flash is based on SATA. Eset License Key Generator'>Eset License Key Generator. Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from the Serial ATA International Organization SATA IO. The SATA IO group collaboratively creates, reviews, ratifies, and publishes the interoperability specifications, the test cases and plugfests. As with many other industry compatibility standards, the SATA content ownership is transferred to other industry bodies primarily the INCITST1. Kilauea Mount Etna Mount Yasur Mount Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira Piton de la Fournaise Erta Ale. The U3X4PCIE4XE101 is a Quad channel USB 3. PCI Express x4 Gen 2 Host Adapter. ATA, the INCITS T1. SCSI, a subgroup of T1. Serial Attached SCSI SAS. The remainder of this article strives to use the SATA IO terminology and specifications. BIG_01251_fas.jpg' alt='Firewire Ieee 1394A Pci Host Controller Card Driver' title='Firewire Ieee 1394A Pci Host Controller Card Driver' />Featuresedit. SATA 6 Gbits controller, a PCI Express 1 card with Marvell chipset. HotplugeditThe Serial ATA Spec requirements for SATA device hot plugging, that is, devices and motherboards that meet the specification are capable of insertion removal of a device into from a backplane connector combined signal and power that has power on. After insertion, both the Device and Host initialize and then operate normally. The powered Host or Device is not necessarily in a quiescent state. Unlike PATA, both SATA and e. Firewire Ieee 1394A Pci Host Controller Card Driver' title='Firewire Ieee 1394A Pci Host Controller Card Driver' />SATA support hotplugging by design. However, this feature requires proper support at the host, device drive, and operating system levels. In general, all SATA devices drives support hotplugging due to the requirements on the device side, also most SATA host adapters support this function. Advanced Host Controller InterfaceeditAdvanced Host Controller Interface AHCI is an open host controller interface published and used by Intel, which has become a de facto standard. It allows the use of advanced features of SATA such as hotplug and native command queuing NCQ. If AHCI is not enabled by the motherboard and chipset, SATA controllers typically operate in IDEb emulation mode, which does not allow access to device features not supported by the ATA also called IDE standard. Windows device drivers that are labeled as SATA are often running in IDE emulation mode unless they explicitly state that they are AHCI mode, in RAID mode, or a mode provided by a proprietary driver and command set that allowed access to SATAs advanced features before AHCI became popular. Modern versions of Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Free. BSD, Linux with version 2. Solaris and Open. Solaris, include support for AHCI, but older operating systems such as Windows XP do not. Even in those instances, a proprietary driver may have been created for a specific chipset, such as Intels. RevisionseditSATA revisions are often designated with a dash followed by roman numerals, e. SATA III,1. 2 to avoid confusion with the speed, which is always displayed in Arabic numerals, e. SATA 6 Gbits. SATA revision 1. Gbits, 1. 50 MBs, Serial ATA 1. Revision 1. 0a2 was released on January 7, 2. Quad Channel 4port 1port x 4 USB 3. PCI Express x4 Gen 2 Host Card. Learn about the devices and peripherals we add on to the computer, the ports they connect to, as well as some custom PC configurations you will undoubtedly encounter. View and Download Plextor PX716UF installation and user manual online. External USBFireWire Drive. PX716UF DVD Drive pdf manual download. First generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1. Gbits, communicate at a rate of 1. Gbits,c and do not support Native Command Queuing NCQ. Taking 8b1. 0b encoding overhead into account, they have an actual uncoded transfer rate of 1. USB Charger Sync Cable for iPad, iPhone, Samsung Galaxy Tab and All Major USB Charger Sync Cable for iPad, iPhone, Samsung Galaxy Tab and All Major Smart Phones, 30. Gbits 1. 50 MBs. The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1. Gbits is similar to that of PATA1. SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ, which improve performance in a multitasking environment. During the initial period after SATA 1. Gbits finalization, adapter and drive manufacturers used a bridge chip to convert existing PATA designs for use with the SATA interface. Bridged drives have a SATA connector, may include either or both kinds of power connectors, and, in general, perform identically to their native SATA equivalents. However, most bridged drives lack support for some SATA specific features such as NCQ. Native SATA products quickly took over the bridged products with the introduction of the second generation of SATA drives. As of April 2. SATA hard disk drives could transfer data at maximum not average rates of up to 1. MBs,1. 4 which is beyond the capabilities of the older PATA1. SATA 1. 5 Gbits. SATA revision 2. Gbits, 3. MBs, Serial ATA 3. SATA revision 2. 0 was released in April 2. Native Command Queuing NCQ. It is backward compatible with SATA 1. Gbits. 1. 5Second generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 3. Gbits that, when accounted for the 8b1. Gbits 3. 00 MBs. The theoretical burst throughput of the SATA revision 2. SATA 3 Gbits, doubles the throughput of SATA revision 1. All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3. Gbits and handle modern mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance. However, high performance flash based drives can exceed the SATA 3 Gbits transfer rate this is addressed with the SATA 6 Gbits interoperability standard. SATA revision 2. 5editAnnounced in August 2. SATA revision 2. 5 consolidated the specification to a single document. SATA revision 2. 6editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. November 2. Announced in February 2. SATA revision 2. 6 introduced the following features 1. SATA revision 3. 0 6 Gbits, 6. MBs, Serial ATA 6. Serial ATA International Organization SATA IO presented the draft specification of SATA 6 Gbits physical layer in July 2. August 1. 8, 2. 00. The full 3. 0 standard was released on May 2. Third generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6. Gbits taking 8b1. Gbits 6. 00 MBs. The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 6. Gbits is double that of SATA revision 2. It is backward compatible with SATA 3 Gbits. Peripherals and Custom Computing InputOutput, Input Devices, and Peripherals. Learn about the devices and peripherals we add on to the computer, the ports they connect to, as well as some custom PC configurations you will undoubtedly encounter in the field. This chapter is from the book The computer is built, the OS is installed, and video is configured. Now lets discuss the devices and peripherals we add on to the computer, the ports they connect to, as well as some custom PC configurations you will undoubtedly encounter in the field. To take advantage of a computer, the appropriate inputoutput devices and peripherals must be connected to the proper inputoutput IO ports. Keyboards, mice, and multimedia devices can be connected to a variety of ports. This section briefly describes those devices and the ports they connect to. IO Ports. IO ports enable a user to input information by way of keyboard, mouse, or microphone plus they enable the output of information to printers, monitors, USB devices, and so on. The Comp. TIA A exams require you to describe USB, IEEE 1. Fire. Wire, and Thunderbolt ports, as well as Bluetooth technology. The most common of these by far is USB. USBUSB ports are used by many devices, including keyboards, mice, printers, flash drives, cameras, and much more. The USB port enables data transfer between the device and the computer and usually powers the device as well. The speed of a USB devices data transfer depends on the version of the USB port, as shown in Table 1. TABLE 1. 3. 1 Comparison of USB Versions. USB Version. Name. Data Transfer Rate. USB 1. 0. Low Speed. Mbs. USB 1. 1. Full Speed. Mbs. USB 2. 0. High Speed. Mbs. USB 3. 0. Super. Speed. 5. 0 Gbs. USB 3. Super. Speed1. Gbs. USB 1. 0 and 1. If you encounter an older computer that has only these ports, consider installing a USB adapter card that adheres to a higher version of USB. A computer can have a maximum of 1. USB devices. However, most computers are limited to a maximum of a dozen ports or so. To add devices beyond this, a USB hub can be used, but no more than five hubs can be in a series of USB devices. All cables connecting USB devices must comply with their standards maximum length. USB version 1. 1 cables are limited to 3 meters in length a little less than 1. USB version 2. 0 cables can be a maximum length of 5 meters a little more than 1. Maximum recommended USB 3. The standard USB cable has four pins a 5 V pin for power, a positive data pin, a negative data pin, and a ground pin. Most USB connections are half duplex, meaning that the device can send or receive data but cannot send and receive data simultaneously. There are various plugs used for the different types of USB connections. Cf-18 Wireless Drivers. The most common are Type A and Type B, which are 4 pin connectors, but there are also mini and micro connectors, which are 5 pin. Type A connectors are the type you see on the back of a computer or on the side of a laptop. Figure 1. 3. 1 displays an illustration of these connectors. Type A and Type B connectors are commonly used for printers and other larger devices. Mini and micro connectors are often used for handheld computers, smartphones, mice, digital cameras, portable music players, and cell phones. However, some companies create proprietary cables and connectors for their devices based off of the USB specifications. These devices will not connect properly to Type A, Type B, and mini or micro connectors. You cant put a square peg in a round hole normally. Sometimes you need to make a connection but the devices andor cables dont match up, so youll need an adapterand there are adapters for virtually everything you might want to do. Lets say you need to make a connection to a USB Type B connector from a USB Type A connector, or you need to connect from USB to RJ4. USB to the older PS2 connectorwell, there are adapters for all of those situations and more. Most PC technicians will carry a variety of adapters with them just in case the need arises. Something to think about for your PC toolkit. Historically, a USB device was designed to be a host or a slave. The host is in charge of initiating data transfers for example, a PC. However, USB version 2. OTG, which enables a device to act as both a host and a slave. This is more common in handheld computers and smartphones devices that connect with either mini or micro plugs. USB devices connect to what is known as a root hub, regardless of whether they are USB version 1. The USB devices, root hub, and host controllers can be viewed from within Windows in a couple ways Device Manager Within Device Manager, click Universal Serial Bus Controllers to expand it. The root hub and controllers are listed within. Individual devices will be listed under such categories as Human Interface Devices. System Information Open System Information by opening the Run prompt and typing msinfo. Expand Components, and then select USB. Windows offers a disk caching component called Ready. Boost. This uses flash based memory such as USB flash drives and SD cards to cache information for the OS at high speeds. The cache can be as much as 3. GB in size on one device or 2. GB in size if spread across multiple devices. For USB flash drives, this technology works best at USB 3. When troubleshooting USB devices, keep a few things in mind Verify that USB is enabled in the BIOSUEFI It is possible to enabledisable USB within the BIOS. Keep this in mind when troubleshooting USB devices that are not functioning whatsoever. The user might have inadvertently set this to disabled or perhaps the computer was shipped in that state. Make sure the computer is running the correct version of USB For example, if the computer is USB 3. USB 3. 0 on the software side. Some versions of Windows need to be updated to communicate at the latest USB speeds. This update makes a huge difference in the speed of data transfer. Sometimes Windows informs the user that an update to USB is available and that the USB devices work faster if this update is completed. In other cases, a USB firmware update for the motherboard is needed. Check the version of the USB port For example, if a device can run at USB 3. USB 2. 0 black port, because that will cause the device to run at USB 2. If it is connected to a slower port, be sure to connect it to a USB 3. Verify connectivity Make sure the device is plugged in and that it is using the correct cable. Some incompatible USB plugs might look similar to the correct plug and might even connect to a device. When removing USB devices from a computer, remember to disable them in the Notification Area before disconnecting them. Do this by right clicking on the Safely Remove Hardware and Eject Media icon and selecting Eject. This will avoid damage to a USB device for example, corruption to the USB flash drive. If you cannot disable it in the system, power down the computer and then disconnect them. For more information about USB, visit http www. One of the problems with USB is that it suffers from latency. Due to this fact, users who work with audio and video prefer a zero latency connection, such as IEEE 1. IEEE 1. 39. 4The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE is a nonprofit organization that creates standards regarding cables and connectors and other technology related to electricity. One common standard is IEEE 1. Fire. Wire a deprecated Apple standard replaced by Thunderbolt.